Venezuela-based oil and gas company PDVSA has been in selected default since November 2017 when it missed the interest payment on its senior notes. We're affirming our 'SD' global issuer credit and 'D' debt ratings on the company. The company is in a debt restructuring process since the end of 2017; however, its result is uncertain in the short to medium term. On Aug. 21, 2018, S&P Global Ratings affirmed its 'SD' global scale issuer credit rating and 'D' issue-level ratings on Petroleos de Venezuela S.A. (PDVSA). We understand that PDVSA has been unable to meet the coupon payments on its 2017, 2021, 2024, 2026, 2027, and 2037 notes since November 2017 (or we have been unable to obtain a