U.K.-based engine manufacturer Rolls-Royce PLC recently announced that expected in-service cash costs relating to the Trent 1000 engine will rise to £2.4 billion across 2017-2023, versus the £1.6 billion that the group previously forecast. Rolls-Royce will likely report an exceptional charge of about £1.4 billion to its profit and loss (P&L) in full-year 2019, comprising £800 million cash costs relating to the Trent 1000 remediation and £600 million for losses on long term maintenance contracts. The £1.4 billion exceptional charge and higher-than-expected cash costs will result in weaker recovery of profitability, free operating cash flows (FOCFs), and credit metrics, compared with our previous expectations. We are therefore lowering our long-term issuer credit and issue ratings on Rolls-Royce to 'BBB-' from