On Dec. 4, 2022, Ghana's Ministry of Finance initiated a transaction that we classify as a distressed exchange offer on the majority of domestic debt instruments, to restore the sustainability of the government's finances and help secure balance-of-payments support from the IMF. As a result, we lowered our local currency (LC) long- and short-term sovereign credit ratings on Ghana to 'SD' (selective default) from 'CCC+/C', reflecting our opinion that the restructuring will result in senior unsecured lenders receiving less than originally promised. . Additionally, the Ministry of Finance announced plans (but no specific offer) to restructure its foreign currency (FC) debt obligations. We therefore also lowered our FC long-term sovereign rating on Ghana to 'CC' from 'CCC+,' and affirmed our