Envalior's earnings were sharply depressed in 2023 by low demand, destocking, and high energy prices, combined with temporary arbitrage imports from Asia. We now estimate S&P Global Ratings-adjusted EBITDA (excluding management adjustments to reported EBITDA) will decline to an exceptional €145 million-€155 million in 2023, from €510 million in 2022; this implies a temporary peak in leverage of over 20x adjusted gross debt to EBITDA. 2024 is expected to bring more normalized energy prices and market conditions. We anticipate that adjusted EBITDA will recover to €350 million-€400 million in 2024, supported by a gradual improvement in market demand and the realization of higher-than-initially-anticipated synergies at Envalior, which was created through a merger. However, leverage is likely to remain elevated, with