At the same time, BOC's diversified loan portfolio mitigates asset-quality pressure from mainland property strains. Mainland real-estate loans accounted for less than 4.5% of the group's loan book as of Dec. 31, 2022. Asset growth is likely to remain elevated at about 8.5% per annum on average over our forecast period, up from the pre-pandemic 7.1% in 2019. Meanwhile, persistent net interest margin (NIM) pressure could reduce the return on average assets (ROAA) to an average of 0.81% over 2023-2025, from 0.92% in 2019. Annualized ROAA was 0.83% in the first quarter of 2023 and 0.85% in 2022. The stable outlook on BOC reflects our view that it can maintain its credit profile over the next two years. The bank's